• The Hedgehog signaling pathway HH pathway

  2022-08-11

  

  The Hedgehog signaling pathway (HH pathway hereafter) is vital for development and tissue homeostasis. [4] In recent years, studying the role of the HH pathway in carcinogenesis and cancer stemness has highlighted the HH inhibitors as putative cancer therapeutics [5]. However, clinical application o

• Under increased drug pressure more protease

  2022-08-11

  

  Under increased drug pressure, more protease variants with more than one substitution will likely become clinically relevant. The accumulation of additional substitutions can allow RAS variants to emerge that alone are not viable, but in combination can rescue the viral fitness. We previously demons

• br Cellular directionality To obtain a comprehensive underst

  2022-08-11

  

  Cellular directionality To obtain a comprehensive understanding of cell migration, it is essential to understand how cues from the cell’s external environment are relayed to the bromophenol blue cytoskeleton, so the cell can migrate towards the cue; a process herein referred to as cellular direc

• The finding that GPR acts as a receptor for acyl

  2022-08-11

  

  The finding that GPR35 acts as a receptor for 2-acyl LPA is noteworthy, because P2Y5, which has homology with GPR35 (29%), has recently been shown to act as a receptor for 2-acyl LPA [14]. LPA3 is also a specific receptor for 2-acyl LPA [15]. It is also worth noting that GPR55, which has homology wi

• The existence of EAAT subtypes raises obvious questions

  2022-08-11

  

  The existence of 5 EAAT subtypes raises obvious questions as to the cellular and anatomical distribution of the various transporters (for review, see Gegelashvili & Schousboe, 1998, Danbolt, 2001). While difference in techniques (i.e., protein vs. mRNA), reagents, and preparations (i.e., in vivo vs

• br Introduction Most organisms require glucose as

  2022-08-10

  

  Introduction Most organisms require glucose as a key metabolite, and it is critical that mammalian cells regulate glucose levels properly to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis. The major transporters responsible for the uptake of glucose from systemic circulation into cells are the GLUTs, members

• Remodelin receptor br Materials and methods br Acknowledgmen

  2022-08-10

  

  Materials and methods Acknowledgments Introduction Gentiooligosaccharides are novel functional oligosaccharides composed of glucose units linked through β-1,6 glycosidic bonds, examples of which include gentiobiose, gentiotriose and gentiotetraose (Barreteau et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2003,

• beta adrenergic blockers Analogous to all GPCRs the

  2022-08-10

  

  Analogous to all GPCRs, the GLP-1R transduces signals from the outside of the cell to the inside by allosterically converting a ligand-binding event to activation of intracellular effectors. The GLP-1R couples to several intracellular effectors and this pleiotropic coupling is physiologically releva

• To directly address whether pharmacological attenuation of p

  2022-08-10

  

  To directly address whether pharmacological attenuation of physiological GIP provides therapeutic benefits in obese mice, we pursued a selective long-acting antagonist to complement the work we report on GIPR agonism. We report a GIP analog of sufficient aqueous solubility that employs a shortened N

• Introduction Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GI

  2022-08-10

  

  Introduction Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a hormone secreted postprandially from enteroendocrine K cells in response to ingestion of either fat [1], protein [2], or carbohydrates [3]. GIP is primarily known for its glucose-dependent insulinotropic actions mediated via the G

• CC is a widespread disorder affecting up to

  2022-08-10

  

  CC is a widespread disorder affecting up to 20% of people worldwide, which also deteriorates the quality of life of patients and causes a substantial economic burden to society. There are 3 categories of CC: normal-transit constipation, slow-transit constipation and defecatory or rectal evacuation d

• Interestingly we have shown that OA required FFAR

  2022-08-10

  

  Interestingly, we have shown that OA required FFAR4 to induce osteoblast gene expression in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts, but not to inhibit osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. As previously suggested, FFAR1 may mediate the effects of OA in osteoclasts. However, FFAR1 has also been shown

• Recently we indicated that cell motility was regulated

  2022-08-10

  

  Recently, we indicated that cell motility was regulated by the different induction of GPR120 and GPR40 in liver epithelial WB-F344 APETx2 australia treated with chemical agents. The cell motility of WB-F344 cells was stimulated by phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) which is a p

• The primary or in transit site of metastasis for

  2022-08-10

  

  The primary or in-transit site of metastasis for many cancers, including melanoma, are nearby sentinel lymph nodes (LNs) [6]. As such, sentinel LN biopsy is a common procedure to diagnose and stage melanoma progression [7,8]. Sentinel LNs are often the primary site of metastasis due to tumor cell-st

• According to the World Health Organization

  2022-08-09

  

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, oligodendrogliomas or anaplastic oligodendrogliomas are primary neoplasms of the central nervous system, which are predominantly composed of cells morphologically resembling oligodendrocytes [23]. These tumors are often estimated to re

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